Ict Can Be Taught To Pupils Secondary Schools Education Essay

The purpose of this assignment is to happen out on how best ICT can be taught to students in secondary schools. The chief focal point is on whether ICT should be taught as ‘the topic ‘ or ‘in topics ‘ . ‘ICT as the topic ‘ refers to the instruction of the National Curriculum for ICT as a distinct topic. ‘ICT – in the topics ‘ refers to ICT being used as a instruction and larning tool in other topics and that it being taught through those topics, Hawkins and Simons ( 2009 ) . Before traveling into the item of the focal point of the assignment, I will briefly explicate the background of instruction of ICT. The term Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) was introduced in the National Curricula of England and Wales ( DfEE, 1999 ) to specify sets of tools used to treat and pass on information. Prior to the debut of ICT, Information Technology ( IT ) was used to depict the same tools. IT referred to the usage of information in order to run into human demand or aim, particularly in the concern universe, ( Kennewell, Parkinson and Tanner, 2007, p1 ) . Regardless of the footings used to depict the tools, the jobs that arise in secondary schools are linked to developing in instructors, students and establishments the ability and disposition to utilize tools suitably to command state of affairss in which information is processed and communicated. Processing and pass oning information prevarication at the bosom of instruction and acquisition in secondary schools, and suggests that ICT capableness should be cardinal to effectual secondary instruction, ( Tanner, 2007 ) . In the past five old ages at that place has been a slow but steady betterment in students ‘ accomplishments in ICT capableness, the quality and criterion of instruction, and the leading and direction of ICT. The complementary usage of ICT across topics, nevertheless, has been slow to develop and is uneven across schools and topics. The effectual balance between the instruction of ICT accomplishments, cognition and apprehension on the one manus and the application of these as portion of larning across topics on the other manus remains a hard and elusive end for the bulk of schools. ( DfES, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Hawkins and Simmons, ( 2009 ) , the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority ( QCA ) made an extended audience and research prior to the printing the new secondary National Curriculum ( QCA, 2007 ) . When they compared it to the old National Curriculum Programme of Study for ICT ( DfEE, 1999 ) , they found that there are no major alterations to content and construct taught. The national course of study is structured around programmes of survey for the topics covered by the National course of study. ICT has a distinct programme of survey which clarifies what should be taught throughout the school old ages, including Key phases 3 and 4 for old ages 7 and 9 and old ages 10 and 11 severally. During the National Curriculum reappraisal, the QCA made audiences of different stakeholders which included students, parents, instructors and employers. Their findings concluded that immature people should go successful scholars who enjoy larning, do advancement and achieve. They shoul d go confident persons who are able to take safe, healthy and fulfilling lives. They should besides be citizens who make a positive part to society. ( Waters, 2007, 2008 ) . To summarize the above, schools should learn the National Curriculum programme of survey for ICT and give students chances to use and develop ICT capableness across the course of study. Pupils ‘ ICT capableness can merely be applied and developed in topics if it has been taught efficaciously in the first topographic point. The National Curriculum for ICT sets out the ICT capableness that needs to be taught. The Key Stage 3 National Strategy gives elaborate counsel, through the publication, the Framework for learning ICT capableness: Old ages 7, 8 and 9 ( DfES 0321/2002 ) , and sample learning units, on how this may be achieved. It recommends that ICT be taught as a distinct topic so that the subsequent ICT capableness can be applied and developed efficaciously in all topics. If the ICT strand of the Key Stage 3 National Strategy has been implemented successfully so students will convey a sound degree of ICT capableness to other capable lessons. Students will non necessitate to be taught the ICT but will be able to ‘apply and develop ‘ ICT to travel acquisition in the other topics frontward. This will supply capable instructors with extra outlooks and chances for learning and larning in their topic. Furthermore, there is a clear differentiation between the usage of ICT and instruction of ICT. Simply utilizing ICT in a lesson does non needfully supply larning chances for the underpinning constructs: it will non ever construct and develop capableness. However, there are some people who argue that because ICT is used in other topics and that it is being taught through those topics. Normally this usage helps to reenforce the acquisition which has already taken topographic point in an ICT lesson instead than presenting new ICT constructs. Teachers of other topics are, rather of course, focussed on their capable country, non on ICT learning. To clear up this more clearly, we can see the instruction of English as an illustration. English is spoken and listened to in every capable country, but the legitimacy of learning English as a distinct topic is ne'er called into inquiry by any 1. This therefore concludes that there are other constructs and procedures which require a capable specia lizer and dedicated course of study clip to be explored. The same applies to ICT, ( Hawkins and Simmons, 2009, p9 ) . In add-on to the above, ICT capableness involves proficient and cognitive proficiency to entree, usage, develop, create and communicate information suitably, utilizing ICT tools. Learners demonstrate this capableness by using engineering purposefully to work out jobs, analyse and exchange information, develop thoughts, create theoretical accounts and control devices. They are know aparting in their usage of information and ICT tools, and systematic in reexamining and measuring the part that ICT can do to their work as it progresses. ICT capableness is much broader than geting a set of proficient competences in package applications, although clearly these are of import. ICT capableness involves the appropriate choice, usage and rating of ICT. As a consequence, students need to cognize what ICT is available, when to utilize it and why it is appropriate for the undertaking. For case, when students are making a presentation, they use their ICT capableness to choose appropriate package, s ee fittingness for intent and lucifer content and manner to a given audience, pull stringsing informations to prove a hypothesis, or integrating sound and picture into a presentation to add significance and impact. It is of import to repeat that, whatever the degree of ICT capableness applied, it must add value to learning and larning in the topic. It is of import that lessons are non driven by package or engineering but are focused on clear aims in the topic, where ICT is used as a vehicle to back up accomplishment of those aims and to heighten instruction and acquisition in all topics. The deduction for this therefore is the fact that students will come to capable lessons with outlooks about how they might use ICT to travel their ain acquisition frontward. Capable instructors will non necessitate to learn ICT capableness but can work new chances for students to use and develop the capableness that they already have, to heighten their acquisition in topics. Consequently, the focal point of the lesson remains steadfastly rooted in the topic and instructors are non burdened with the demand to learn ICT, ( DfES, 2004 ) . In add-on to the above, there are deductions for capable instructors, in that they will necessitate a good apprehension of the comprehensiveness of ICT capableness that students have been taught and will be conveying to their lesson. Teachers will besides necessitate to cognize which parts of ICT capableness offer important chances for learning and larning in their ain topic and how they can be incorporated into bing strategies of work. Furthermore, the usage of ICT demands to be purposeful and to add value to the instruction and acquisition of the topic and should non be seen merely as a bolt-on. It needs to be carefully integrated into the capable lessons, with a clear principle for its usage, ( DfES, 2004 ) . This is supported by Kennewell et Al. ( 2000, pp8-9 ) , where he considers ICT as diverse in nature. He alleges that ICT may be viewed as Key accomplishments, which like literacy and numeracy, underpins larning in a scope of capable countries. He goes on to look at ICT as a Resource, which should be used by schools to back up and widen the nature of instruction and acquisition across the course of study. Kennewell besides regards ICT as a subject on its ain like English, Mathematics, or Geography with its ain characteristic signifiers of cognition, accomplishment and apprehension. To add on to the above, students ‘ ability to use their ICT capableness across the course of study is mostly dependent on the effectual instruction and acquisition of ICT in the first topographic point. Pupils ‘ usage of ICT in other topics may be uneffective if they do non already have an appropriate degree and apprehension of ICT capableness. This may ensue in a deficiency of advancement in both ICT and the capable country. For illustration, inquiring students to bring forth a presentation in a given topic will be unproductive if they have small experience of utilizing the package or apprehension of how to make significance and impact for a given audience. Students who try to larn new countries of ICT at the same clip as new capable content will frequently neglect in both enterprises. In a nut shell, this means that before using ICT in other topic, it is hence important that students are taught the appropriate ICT capableness, ( DfES, 2002 ) . Although the demand to learn ICT as a discrete topic has been over emphatic, there may be some chances for facets of ICT capableness to be taught in a different capable country and so besides applied in an appropriate context. For case, the control elements of the National Curriculum for ICT could be taught within Design and Technology. However, learning capable aims and ICT aims at the same clip can be debatable and instructors should be cognizant of the potency for the lesson to lose sight of the ICT aims. Advancement in the instruction and acquisition of a peculiar topic can besides be disrupted by the clip taken to learn the needed ICT constituent from abrasion. Furthermore, an effectual execution of ICT across the course of study is much more complex and involves strategic direction and coordination within whole school policies. For an effectual theoretical account of using and developing ICT across the course of study, there should be an effectual instruction of the National Curriculum programme of survey for ICT as a distinct topic. There should besides be appropriate chances for students to use and develop ICT capableness in a scope of topics and contexts, that is, movable cognition, accomplishments and apprehension. Another factor could be the deployment of resources so that capable countries can entree ICT when it is needed, including proviso of ICT within capable schoolrooms or countries. In this instance, there should be a policy for buying of resources that maximises their usage and allows for flexibleness of usage, for illustration, whole-class instruction, small-group work, single instructor usage ; this could include consideration of whole-school networking proviso, laptops and radio networking capableness. There could besides be appropriate subject-specific resources in all sections, which are se lected on the footing of carry throughing capable larning aims. This should include planned usage of ICT in strategies of work for all topics, so that resources can be suitably deployed and organised. The whole-school policies which clearly map and sequence chances for application and development of ICT, so that pupils conveying the appropriate ICT capableness to capable lessons should besides be drawn. This as a consequence will take to whole-staff consciousness of ICT capableness and what can moderately be expected of students in each twelvemonth, ( DfES, 2005a ) . Many schools continue to cleaving to a belief that cross-curricular proviso can present good patterned advance in ICT capableness, in malice of review grounds to the reverse over recent old ages. The weight of grounds suggests that what works best is a balance between distinct proviso and the application of ICT capableness across other topics, ( Ofsted, 2005 ) . So far the usage of ICT has been reviewed as a acquisition tool for students and has been acknowledged that students who are confident and proficient in ICT can convey with them chances for widening their acquisition as they use their ICT in other topics in the school course of study. Use of ICT by a instructor may affect small or no usage of ICT by students and, accordingly may make little to use and develop their ICT capableness. However, usage of ICT by the instructor can heighten and excite the acquisition experiences of students and contribute to the accomplishment of capable aims. It is of import to recognize the different parts that ICT can do to learning and larning and admit the importance of each. A policy for ICT across the course of study should see all these elements and the relationships between them, ( DfES, 2004 ) . Having mentioned all the above, I am now traveling to concentrate on discoursing on how the cognition of ICT capablenesss can assist ease instruction and acquisition in different secondary school topics. First, I am traveling to look at how the usage of ICT can raise criterions in History. There will be a demand for effectual communicating between the history and ICT sections in order to further a clear apprehension of the timescale during which students should hold developed the different ICT capableness in each twelvemonth. History instructors will necessitate to place chances to work students ‘ ICT capableness to travel acquisition in the capable forward. They will besides necessitate to see whether the usage of ICT is appropriate to the facet of history being taught. Information is the natural stuff of history. It will hence be of import that students are critical in its usage and understand the relevancy to an question of peculiar beginnings of information. Use of ICT allows students to entree and engage with an tremendous scope of information beginnings as a footing for independent historical questions. For case, students in Year 9 were look intoing the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima in 1945, seeking to reply the inquiry, ‘Should the atomic bomb have been dropped? ‘ They visited web sites incorporating images and text that suggested that it was incorrect to drop the bomb. They besides visited sites that showed that the American Government was wise to drop the bomb as it saved many lives and ended Nipponese engagement in the war. They had to utilize these sites to choose grounds to assist them reply the inquiry. Further more, in ICT, students are taught to measure their work critically, to develop and better their presentation of information, to polish it for intent and audience. For case, students may utilize digital picture to make an advertizement for abroad visitants to an historic edifice in their vicinity. They may polish their work farther by inventing standards drawn from an analysis of bing Television advertizements, during the procedure of which they identify the common signifiers and conventions. A practical illustration could be students in Year 7 used a word processing plan to outline an essay, some utilizing a authorship frame, to reply a inquiry about the slaying of Thomas Becket. When they finished, the instructor provided them with extra information that altered the statement they needed to do, necessitating them to redraft their original work to take history of this. In add-on to the above, lessons may be provided in a CD-ROM. These may include illustrations of history lessons in which ICT is used to heighten instruction and acquisition. These may be chosen to give a spirit of the type of activities in which students ‘ ICT capableness can be applied and developed within the context of history. In each of the illustrations, mention is made to the ICT key construct being applied or developed. In each instance, the relevant ICT aims have been taught before they are applied in the history lesson. Another topic that I am traveling to look at how it embeds ICT as acquisition and learning tool is Citizenship. In Citizenship, ICT can be used to ease students to utilize information beginnings like web sites to critically enable them to set up balanced, informed opinions in making decisions about communities and societies. The critical scrutiny of information is a cardinal constituent of the survey of citizenship. This includes an accent on placing biased point of views and related persuasive statements. The measure of information available on the Internet gives students chances to measure both the information they receive and the web sites themselves. The usage of informations and information beginnings through ICT can assist them to develop and better these accomplishments. For case, students in Year 8 used the Internet to research the positions of assorted groups runing to reform the young person justness system, as portion of the work they were making on offense. They were able to place a scope of different positions and to measure and discourse them. They were besides able to place information that they thought was misdirecting, which led to a treatment about the demand to be critical of the beginnings of information themselves. ( DfES, 2004, p17 ) . To add to the above, for the best and effectual use of ICT in citizenship, instructors should be after the usage of ICT by students in coaction with the ICT section. Effective communicating between the two sections will instil a clear apprehension of the timescale during which students should hold developed the different ICT capableness in each twelvemonth. This will guarantee that students are equipped with appropriate ICT accomplishments and will assist instructors analyze how to construct on anterior acquisition in citizenship and ICT. This consciousness will ease the planning of strategies of work and design of lessons. This could besides be helpful to guarantee that ICT resources are available for the several lessons. Mathematicss capable instructors can besides utilize students ‘ cognition of ICT. It is of import for mathematics instructors to intercede with the ICT section to guarantee that the degrees of outlook and challenge are appropriate to pupils ‘ experiences and degrees of ICT capableness. In order to vouch the effectual usage of ICT in mathematics, Mathematicss instructors should be certain that ICT resources are available for the lesson. They should besides be able to analyze how to construct on anterior acquisition in mathematics and ICT to inform planning of strategies of work and design of lessons. Furthermore, ICT can be used to give entree to big measures of informations and provides the tools to stand for it in a assortment of ways. The ICT cardinal construct of utilizing informations and information beginnings relates to the strand of handlings informations in mathematics in which pupils specify a job, program and roll up informations. Besides, the usage of ICT allows students to screen and stand for informations expeditiously and efficaciously. It enables them to work out mathematical jobs and utilize statistical probes utilizing their ain informations every bit good as that collected by others. In add-on, utilizing ICT allows students to utilize machine-controlled procedures to increase efficiency and to make simple package modus operandis to help the geographic expedition of a mathematical state of affairs. They can undertake deeper and more effectual analysis of the mathematics, utilizing ICT. For illustration, students in Year 9 may take to make macros in spreadsheets or may utilize other automatizing maps, including nesting processs in LOGO, to research a scope of mathematical state of affairss. Use of LOGO can be good to pupils in each twelvemonth of the cardinal phase, particularly as it is easy accessible and combines facets of geometrical concluding with utilizing and using mathematics to work out jobs. ( DfES, 2004, p20 ) . ICT can be used as a tool to raise criterions in the instruction and acquisition of English in secondary schools. It can be used to back up instructors to better lesson design and transform instruction and acquisition. English instructors can besides utilize ICT to prosecute and actuate students to larn more efficaciously. Effective communicating between English and ICT sections will be indispensable to convey about a clear apprehension of the timescale during which students will hold developed the different ICT capableness in each twelvemonth. Teachers of English capable demand to place chances to work and use students ‘ capableness in ICT to travel acquisition in the capable forward. They besides need to see whether the usage of ICT is appropriate to the facet of English being taught. English can affect seeking for and choice of information, which is made easier by the usage of ICT. Through set uping good affair with ICT sections, English sections may happen that English and ICT lessons and prep may be planned hand in glove so that students use and consolidate the appropriate hunt accomplishments and techniques. More clip in English lessons can so be spent on larning schemes for choice and analysis. As an illustration, in a Year 8 lesson, students focused on accessing a scope of web sites on a given subject, and so collaboratively inventing agencies of choosing those needed to reply peculiar different inquiries on that subject. The inquiries were divided into those necessitating information, persuasion, statement, different positions and different audiences. Students worked in little groups to choose cardinal sites for different intents. This was portion of a sequence of lessons that finally required students to utilize the web sites selectively to back up an drawn-out piece of composing on an facet of the subject. Still on the same note, Year 9 students searched the Internet for images based on Macbeth. The focal point was on choosing images that were cardinal to the subjects of the drama. Pupils worked in groups to choose, salvage and publish these images, footnote them in relation to the drama and supply cardinal quotation marks to attach to the subject and image. This involved one lesson and a prep. In the following lesson, the students shared their findings with the remainder of the category. This was portion of a sequence of lessons in which the students were subsequently required to compose about cardinal subjects in the drama and supply grounds from the text. Having mentioned all the above, it is rather apparent that ICT equips students with accomplishments to assist them to take part in a quickly altering universe in which work and other activities are progressively transformed by entree to varied and developing engineering. Students may necessitate to utilize ICT tools to happen, explore, analyse, exchange and present information responsibly, creatively and with favoritism. They should larn how to use ICT to enable rapid entree to thoughts and experiences from a broad scope of people, communities and civilizations. Increased capableness in the usage of ICT can advance inaugural and independent acquisition, with students being able to do informed opinions about when and where to utilize ICT to outdo consequence, and to see its deductions for place and work both now and in the hereafter. ( eduwight web site, accesses 01/12/10 ) Furthermore, ICT has enabled gifted and talented students and those of higher ability to widen their activities and survey in more deepness. It has besides enabled students with English as an extra linguistic communication and those with particular educational demands to readily entree larning where, for illustration, the act of physically composing had antecedently acted as a barrier. Besides, the usage of the show technologies enables students to visualize stuff that would be more hard to entree in traditional formats, and is perceived to hold ‘opened up the universe ‘ . For illustration, the usage of a picture clips depository has supported showing gases in scientific discipline and motion in design and engineering. Supported with teacher account, it is believed that the focal point on traveling images has truly enhanced acquisition. In add-on the picture clips depository offers cartridge holders of intelligence points in children-friendly formats. ( Lewin et Al: 2007, p20 ) . In decision, it is clear and apparent that there is a common and supportive nexus between the distinct instruction of ICT and the application of ICT in other topics. This means that, hence, students should be given chances across the course of study to use and develop the ICT capableness taught in ICT lessons. These chances should be consistent across all categories, non dependent on the peculiar member of staff. Besides, guaranting that students are constructing on the ICT capableness that has already been taught has deductions for scheduling strategies of work, both for the capable countries and for ICT. This is a complex exercising, affecting all sections, and needs a whole-school attack and leading to guarantee maximal effectivity. Some schools have set up ICT across the course of study working groups to guarantee that there is ongoing duologue between capable leaders, the ICT capable leader and the ICT coordinator in the school. Monitoring the effectivity of such a policy is a c ardinal function for the senior leader with duty for ICT and will include a reappraisal of instructors ‘ apprehension of what is meant by ICT capableness in the ICT National Curriculum ;

Causes of the boom years in the 1920s Essay

Causes of the boom years Employers were working fewer hours however were being paid more. This therefore meant industrial goods produced were also increasing. American’s had more time for leisure and more money so electrical labour-saving devices were being introduced becoming affordable by many people. Motor cars eased travel to and from work as well as for leisure pursuits. It was the golden age for cinema and sport attracted vast crowds. Reasons for prosperity: government policies Calvin Coolidge stated ‘the chief business of the American people is business.’ This was his government policy to let business operate as far as possible, free of regulation. Andrew Mellon and him believed wealth filtered down naturally to all classes and to ensure increased living standards for all was to allow the rich to continue make money to invest in industrial development which therefore meant more job opportunities, more wage earners, more consumption etc. this policy was laissez-faire but the government intervened to support business in 4 ways: High tariffs: Fordney-McCumber Act 1922 à ¯ raised tariffs to cover difference between domestic and foreign production costs Cheaper to buy goods from USA than abroad Tariff level à ¯ foreign goods more expensive than USA even though produced cheaper in USA Foreign trade reduced = domestic demand for goods high Tax reductions: Government reduced federal taxes – 1924, 1926 and 1928 (benefited wealthy) Mellon à ¯ handed out tax reductions Coolidge à ¯ operated on surplus Aim à ¯ reduced national debt, federal tax cuts = meant little to poor as not able to pay taxes Fewer regulations: Federal Trade Commission à ¯ unable and unwilling to operate effectively causing businesses unhindered Foreign policies: Coolidge à ¯ avoided involvement in foreign affairs due to budget cutting an recognition that Americans didn’t want to see troops getting caught up in foreign disputes. This meant that investors would favour profit ever over ethical concerns Technical advances: Technical advances in industrial production made increases in quantity and variety of products Motor vehicle industry: This industry grew dramatically in the 1920s. It was the largest for commodities. Previously cars had only been for the wealthy but Ford wanted the ordinary to be able to afford one Effects of growth in car ownership: Ford thought this would strengthen traditional American values but it led to: Road deaths à ¯ 20,000 per year By 1929, motor industry employed 7% of all workers and paid them 9% of all wages Closure of Ford à ¯ factor to recession of 1927 Loss of business by companies providing components to Ford real problems in economy Road building: Breaking of laissez-faire à ¯ federal government expend on road building in 1920s Federal Highway Act 1921 à ¯ responsibility for road building to central government and highways. Construction = 10,000 miles per year by 1929 Chief Designer in Bureau of Public Roads 1936 à ¯ roads built unfit for use because of amount of traffic Motor vehicles à ¯ new service industries e.g. garages, petrol stations etc. Improved transportation = new opportunities for industry Electrical consumer goods: New technology = large scale development of labour saving devices as cheaper to produce Serious over production = problems in economy New business methods: Growth of huge corporations Large corporations manufacturing business = could invest in and exploit raw materials of USA on vast scale Large corporations could dominate industry by: Operating cartel (group of companies agreeing to fix output and prices to reduce competition and maximise profits). Although illegal, government accepted which involved exploitation of raw materials, retail outlets etc. Some organisations were able to adapt to holding companies which resulted in firms competing against each other Management science: Increased size of businesses à ¯ complex to manage = different management roles by different people in administration Growth of business schools Management science, occupation for upper class = indication harder to start own company Increased production Advertising and salesmanship: Cinema Millions of cinema-goers to copy lifestyle of stars meant potential for advertising was enormous Radio: Began with KDKA station which announced results in 1920 elections Radio’s controlled by 2 companies with a vast audience Constant need to create demand: Growth in industrial production needed a continuous market in order to fuel the boom as people needed to be convinced to buy things frequently. An aspect of a campaign needed to be bought in which would differentiate between one’s product and that of the competitors to promote unique selling point. Advertising techniques worked for many consumers. Easy credit: Massive consumer boom was financed largely by easy credit facilities 1929 à ¯ $7 billion goods were sold on credit – 75% of cars and half of major household appliances Availability of credit meant borrowers took on debts which they could not repay Influence in foreign countries: High tariffs were used to protect US markets however the government also encouraged businessmen to develop extensive interests abroad in terms of raw materials that fuelled technological developments. US exported vast amounts of manufactured products. In the 1920s with almost full employment, low inflation, high tariffs keeping foreign goods out of USA, benevolent government policies and a consumer boom the prosperity would go on forever.

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 6

Employment Law - Essay Example But if however, there are no norms that could force Richard to work in an area, or department which he is not supposed to work in the normal course of his duties, the subsequent developments and his dismissal could perhaps be viewed as an unfair dismissal, depending upon what constitutes unfair dismissal in the context of this case and the contractual agreement between Richard and his employer Further it is seen that a dismissal could also be termed as an unfair one, â€Å"If your employer dismisses you for exercising or trying to exercise one of your statutory (legal) employment rights† which include, interalia â€Å"An employees  statutory employment rights include a right to a written statement of employment particulars.† (Employment: unfair dismissal, n.d.). Thus, it could be said that indiscipline arouse because Richard was asked to work in a department which was outside his job description.. In the event there is a contract of employment between Richard and his employer, it would specifically stipulate the kind of work that Richard would be expected to do, and dismissing him on ground that he refused to do work which he was not expected to do in the first place, could be viewed as a kind of unfair dismissal. The fact of indiscipline (walking out of the office) has been a natural consequence of Richard being asked to do work that was not really needed of him to perform, and he could hardly be held responsible for it. Another factor that is favourable for Richard is that he has been working for the last ten years or so, which speaks well of his long term employment track record. Further, under Section 98 (1) (a) of ERA 1996, it is necessary for the employers to exhibit the causes for their decision to dismiss the said employee, and again under Section 98 (4) (a), having complied with Section 98(a), the fact whether the decisions was reasonable or unreasonable depends â€Å" (a) on whether in the circumstances (including the size and administrative

The Philosophical Foundations of the American Criminal Justice System Research Paper

The Philosophical Foundations of the American Criminal Justice System - Research Paper Example Some years after the independence before the alteration of its constitution, the courts were using a replica of the Great Britain courts. One reason that prompted a change in the constitution was that the British law did not offer equal justice and was favoring the English. Among the amendments that were made in the constitution was provision of due process that still exists in current U.S constitution that suspect possesses the right to be informed of accusations brought against him before appearing on the court and prepare for appropriate defense. The American police are responsible in the attainment of goals of the American criminal justice. They do this by arresting crime suspects, investigating crime, as well as facilitating correction. The American law enforcement is no exception of what America inherited from the Great Britain. Retribution is a method of punishment. Correction aims at reforming criminals and reshaping them to fit in the society. Yet again, it is important to remember that The American criminal Justice System borrows heavily from the Great Britain this notion of correction. Rehabilitation can be discussed under correction; however, it is far much better and humane form of punishment. As opposed to correction, which is a vindictive approach to crime, rehabilitation seeks to help convicted criminals to conform, embrace good moral behavior, and become useful members of the society. While The American criminal Justice has aims and principles that govern its operations, it is also founded on a philosophy.

E-commerce (online shopping) in Saudi Arabia and the UK Coursework

E-commerce (online shopping) in Saudi Arabia and the UK - Coursework Example The need to promote the sales for many organizations has promoted the rise of E-commerce1. However, E-commerce was initially a preserve of large companies, until the perception for its structures and models changed. Recently, many organizations, both big and small are venturing into E-commerce, which is a promising prospect for enhanced growth. Therefore, to reap the benefits arising from E-commerce, many governments have been promoting technology use for the governmental and the private sector organizations2. In advancing technology use for business growth, Saudi Arabia and the UK alike have been involved in E-commerce. Structure of E-commerce in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has adopted E-commerce as a channel for sales and distribution, to enhance the internationalization of the country’s brands and sales, while also reaching the target market 1. The country has a large retail market, consisting of domestic consumers of both genders, whose purchasing power is high. The rate of growth of the Saudi Arabian Middle Class has been on the rise, making it possible for a large population to earn good incomes, which increase their purchasing power 2. However, E-commerce has not been fully adopted in the retail sector, due to lack of effective knowhow, lack of necessary infrastructure and lack of requisite full government support

Japanese Tea House Architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Japanese Tea House Architecture - Research Paper Example One would think that, with the profound implication of the tea ceremonies, that the tea houses would be elaborate. Actually, just the opposite is true – the houses are austere, simple. The features of the houses afford a way for the guests to hide from the outside world. This is because, as the opening sentence stated, they house another world, another reality. After all, the participants in the house, noblemen, peasant, warrior alike, are all equal. This is indicative of an alternate reality. Also, the ceremonies are a way for the people to leave their real life behind, and concentrate only on the moment. The tea house thus serves the same function as the tea ceremonies themselves – they are a way, if only for a few hours, to destroy class structure and the real world. Tea ceremonies came about through the practice of Buddhist Monks who needed to stay awake during their meditations, and later became a part of Zen rituals in honor of Bodhidharma, the Zen monks first patriarch.1 From this, the tea ceremonies became a place where friends gathered to discuss certain objects and their artistic merits, such as various paintings and calligraphy, flower arrangements and the utensils used for these ceremonies. 2 The tea host himself had to be adept at certain knowledge, such as what scrolls to hang during the ceremony, and the meaning of these scrolls, which presumed knowledge of classical literature.3 He also must have been conversant about the articles that are either displayed or used in the tea ceremony: utensils, the flowers, the distinction of the burning incense, the incense burner itself, the dipping ladle, the water heater vessel and the tea container. 4 He must have known the protocol of the ceremony – greeting and conversing with guests p roperly and the manners and courtesies that must be observed. In short, the tea host, or tea master, must have been cognizant of Japanese culture, as these ceremonies

Identity and Self Branding Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 14

Identity and Self Branding - Research Paper Example Subculture and personal experience tend to shape ones way of life because it defines consistency of one’s life circle based on cultures and social life. As Muslim, I grew up from a humble background of a family of three. Muslim life like any other has a distinction on responsibilities based on ones gender. Being the first born son and the only son in the family, a lot of responsibilities was bestowed on me. In our culture sons are considered the pillars of the family and are deemed to be providers and protectors as fathers in their marriage lives. Sons are viewed as a way of insurance to the parents since they are believed to in the future take care of their parents. Moreover, families with the higher number of sons than daughters help cut on financial needs as well protecting the family’s honor. The clarity of gender as the subculture is viewed differently according to different tribes in Muslim. There are tribes that value females than males and vice versa. The male qualities shaped my understanding and instilled the knowledge of self-awareness as far as gender is concerned. Religion in my tribe and probably the entire Muslim culture is taken with a lot of concern. Every child in my household was dedicated to prayers that took place at specific times throughout the day. Parents designate duties according to gender where sons were to be taught by their father and daughters by their mothers. My father had great knowledge and understanding of Koran and shared a lot about religion with me. Religious education due to the existence of Maktab was also taught in schools which placed emphasis in the mastering of the procedures and rituals of prayer. Religion provided me with the appropriate skills of understanding the need for obedience and respect for Allah. This further instilled a positive assumption about me by my elders and friends. There are breakdowns of how each life stage was built based on the family type.

Effective communication with customers and staff Essay

Effective communication with customers and staff - Essay Example I am a customer – oriented person and I fully realize that any business environment needs to be designed under the scope of serving customers’ needs and expectations. I believe that the customer lies at the core of managements’ concern and agenda and for this reason I am focused on delivering customer satisfaction by being willing to listen to their complaints, eager to find solutions to their addressed problems and focused to delivering overall customer satisfaction. I have strong interpersonal skills which allow me to sympathize with others and understand their concerns or queries while at the same time I am confident in my interactions with the customers. I am a goal – and – performance oriented person and I am intrinsically motivated to achieve organizational objectives. I enjoy working in an environment that offers interactions on both levels – customers and employees – and I have developed strong communication skills. My leadership orientation will offer significant advantages to the store as I can inspire and motivate others to share a common vision for the company and the company’s goals and objectives. Through team work I can empower employees to engage to the organization and participate so as to achieve strategically and effectively the mission targeted.

Marketing Myopia and article critiques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Myopia and article critiques - Essay Example Levitt spoke of the ‘Error of Analysis’ whereby, the company defines its scope inaccurately and is unable to grow because it has restricted itself. Companies tend to stop growing, not because of fall in demand or increased competition, but because they were mismanaged and failed to realize their own potential and the opportunities that would have come with it had they managed themselves properly and expanded their horizons, instead of having a very myopic view about their business. He gives the example of the railway, which has steadily declined over the years as other vehicles become mainstream transport. This failure is not because the demand for rail travel declined, it is because they had a â€Å"product-oriented instead of customer-oriented† approach (Levitt, 1960). In the same vein, the TV business is bigger than the film business ever was, just because Hollywood restricted itself to movies by categorizing itself as being in the film business and not the ent ertainment business and massively restricting its horizons. To explain the reverse side of the argument, TV is a success story because it has not restricted itself to one category. ... Levitt talks of the ‘Shadow of Obsolescence’ whereby companies stop growing once their products lose the sparkle, this often happens when a specific feature of their product that was supposed to have been bringing in the demand, becomes outdated and easily substituted by competition with time. He gives the example of the dry cleaning industry. Once thriving because it provided an effective way to clean wool garments, the industry is now dwindling as synthetic fibers replace wool, ones which are easier to clean and the dry cleaning industry becomes obsolete due to innovative products such as automatic washing machines. Another mistake is the ‘Population Myth’ whereby companies assume that a growing population is synonymous with a growing market demand and the ‘Idea of Indispensability’ whereby companies think they are safe from competition because their product is irreplaceable. This lulls them into a false sense of security and they end up funct ioning under a complacent strategy. An example of this scenario is the petroleum industry; due to its elaborate success throughout its history the petroleum industry has become complacent in its strategy and assumes safely that as long as the world’s population keeps growing, its customer base will forever increase. Complacency however, makes the industry myopic to the fact that many people are now becoming environment conscious and are interested in adopting alternative forms of energy that do not pollute, unlike petroleum products. Another mistake is due to ‘Production Pressures’, since companies are so engrossed in meeting production quota deadlines they lose focus of their

Someone Special Essay Example for Free

Someone Special Essay Those who truly know us for who we really are; are the people that have the most influence in our lives, such as our parents. In my case it is my mother who has greatly impacted my life. She has stood beside me through thick and thin. I know that as long as she is here on this earth, she will stand beside me to love and support me unconditionally as she has done all these years. It is because of her that I am the person I am today. Behind my choices, character, my values, and behind me, proudly stands my mother. All throughout my childhood I have been closer to my mom than I am to my father. She has been an amazing friend to me, but an even better parental figure. Laying down the rules for me and establishing boundaries when needed. It is the love and respect I have for my mother that I am cautious of the choices I make. I cherish her approval and fear of her disappointment. I feel confident that all the life lesions she has taught me and the advice she gives me, will continue to shape my standards and values in life. My mother raised my brother and I the way my grandmother raised her. I have been taught that honesty, integrity, hard work, and respect should be constituted into daily living, and to get what we want in life, we have to earn it. Read more:  Who is your admired person essay Although I wasn’t brought up in a life of splendor, I acknowledge that I live a comfortable lifestyle due to the hard work and effort my mother put into her life. Her perseverance is an example I want to follow. Coming from a large family with very little education and financial resources, she moved away from home with one goal in mind, and that was to make a better way of life for us. And that she did. With that, she was able to provide my brother and I the luxuries that others didn’t have. For that I am extremely grateful for. Now that I am old enough to understand that my mother was able to overcome adversity, and accomplish everything she has, inspires my every day to make myself a better person. I greatly admire her strength and strong will, and I am extremely proud to be her son. And in my mother’s words, one of her favorite quotes is: â€Å"we only get one chance to live our lives, so it is up to us to take what we have and move forward in life. Our future is not set in stone; we create the path of our own destiny.†

Changes to the Role of the Management Accountant

Changes to the Role of the Management Accountant Using appropriate academic literature, critically evaluate the argument that the role of the management accountant has changed in recent years from traditional accounting functions to that of a strategic planner and a business partner. Introduction When it comes to the change of management accounting or management accountant, several researchers and scholars have stated the similar view that people cannot describe the management accountants as the bean counter, the scorekeeper or the corporate cop in the contemporary age, their new role are performed as a strategic planner and a business partner within the organization. (Anastas, 1997; Bromwich, 1990; Burns et al., 1999; Byrne and Pierce, 2007; Johnson, Kaplan , 1987; Roslender and Hart, 2002) This essay is aiming to find out how the bean counter, the scorekeeper and the corporate cop become to the internal consultant, the strategic planner as a business partner. Before the main body of this essay, the writer makes a hypothesis that there is an inference procedure that causing the change of the management accountants role. It is widely appreciated that the business environment has greatly changed in the recent years. Thus that the traditional management accounting is not suitab le for the contemporary business, a new management accounting system was generated. Following that there are many new management accounting techniques are required, it directly change the task of management accountants. Finally all these process have caused the change of the role of the management accountant. In the following parts of this essay, the writer will analyze all the parts of this process respectively refer to the other scholars research findings, this is for examine and certify the hypothesis in the last paragraph. The changing business environment It is not deniable that the business environment has already dramatically changed during the last decades, which is toward a more competitive orientation. It includes many external and internal factors. In the general economic area, the globalization is integrating the world into a global market. It could lead it to an increasing competition. Companies have to pay more and more attention on the customer and market orientation. The development of technology is another factor both in the information system and the methods of production with the widespread use of enterprise resource planning systems (ERP). The change of organizational management structure could affect the business as an internal factor.(Burns et al., 1999) The development of digitisation could also change the business environment, for example e-mail has already replaced the traditional postage and fax to a great extent, which is benefit from the wide spread of the internet. It could reduce the cost and enhance the compa nies efficiency. The new technology could also be applied to the monitoring performance area. For instance, factories could profit from the use of beepers and mobile phones to monitor workers performance, while restaurants could benefit from the use of beepers in their operating system.(Zimmerman, 2009) There are also many other elements could cause the market condition changing, such as the commencement of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) could decrease companies cost among Mexico, Canada and the United States. American and Canadian companies may set their factories in Mexico for the lower labour cost. The same situations have also emerged in China, Vietnam and some other developing countries.(Zimmerman, 2009) The new business environment also bring a huge revolution in the other fields, for example the demand of more quality control, customer-focused, the intellectual capital, automation, increasing overheads, decreasing direct labour cost and more emphasis on envir onmental and external issues. The drawbacks of traditional management accounting The traditional management accounting was driven by the external financial requirements but not the internal or actual need. For instance, it fails to compare the cost with the competitors, which is a fatal factor in the business competition. Tends to be too technical Many accountants focus on their contribution only in the financial numbers, but ignore the other useful information which the users may require. (Pierce and ODea, 2003) Most companies still use single overhead allocation base Time Limitation Pierce and ODea (2003) found that most managers complained that the traditional information system cannot provide timeliness information to the users. For example, some managers reflected that even though the financial information could cover almost all they needed, but they cannot use it timely cause the information lag. It could extremely influence their decision making process. Mainly focus on the internal performance of the organization but ignoring the other activities, such as external and social issues. Paying too much attention on the manufacturing but neglecting the high cost post-conversion activities. The change of management accounting A UK research project claimed that management accounting had not changed over six decades in Britain. (Burns et al., 1999) Despite there are some substantial improvement in the technological and environmental areas.(Johnson, Kaplan , 1987) Several studies revealed that the traditional management accounting system and techniques were still valuable and some new management accounting techniques were not widely used as expectation, such as activity-based costing (ABC) and strategic management accounting. (Burns et al., 1999) However, the advancement of information technology could enhance the management accounting into a higher level, which means that managers could have a direct and real time access to the information instead of waiting for the accountants sort it out.(Burns et al., 1999) It could make managers conducting the accountants task by themselves, for instance budgeting, analyze and calculation. (Burns et al., 1999) This change has brought a more significant effect on forecasting rather than budgeting.(Hope and Fraser, 1997) This means that managers could forecast by themselves, while budgeting was accountants traditional work. The commercial orientated gave the British managers a further view on the potential factors which could making profit in a long term.(Burns et al., 1999) It could be considered in the management strategy and interpreting by the non-financial terms.(Burns and Scapens, 1997) It implied that financial information could only provide limited picture, not the whole. Thus there are two possible solutions. The first one is that some new techniques could be used by management accountants to provide a comprehensive view, such as ABC system. Alternatively, the financial information could be kept in a simple way but could be interpreted in the wider background.(Burns et al., 1999) Based on the previous analysis, the form of management accounting has been changed, but there is no huge difference on the management accounting techniques. Strategic Management Accounting The strategic management accounting has already introduced in the accounting literature more than ten years. (Berverley R, 1996)It is defined as The provision and analysis of financial information on the firms product markets and competitors cost and cost structures and the monitoring of the enterprises strategies and those of its competitors in these markets over a number of periods (Bromwich, 1990) The Charted Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) also defined it as A form of management accounting which emphasis is placed on information which relates to factors external to the firm, as well as non-financial information and internally generated information. The majority of literature in the United Kingdom stress that the strategic management accounting extends the traditional management accounting from internal factors to the external competitors information.(Berverley R, 1996)Comparing with the traditional management accounting, it has more external, forward-looking and longer -term orientated and the strategically driven.(Roslender and Hart, 2002) There are three main characteristics of the strategic management accounting were summarized, which are the collection of competitor information, exploitation of cost reduction opportunities and the matching of accounting emphasis with strategic position.(Berverley R, 1996) Some scholars describe the strategic management accounting as a specific form of approach to the provision of accounting information to management'(Roslender and Hart, 2002) The new requirements to management accountants As the previous analysis, the traditional management accounting techniques is still essential skills that management accountants should grasp. However, in the contemporary age, there are several new tasks that management accountants should perform. Before 1980s, the majority of the managers expected the management accountants roles performed as a service staff who can provide the satisfying such managers information.(Hopper, 1980) The requirements to management accountants are not only about becoming an expert in the financial matters, but also having a broad view in business and good teamwork capability with their collegues.(Burns et al., 1999) Pierce and Bernard (2003) have concluded that the management accountants should have the knowledge and skills in three domains. Firstly, they have to be the master of the essential technical knowledge which could make them have the ability to modify information. Secondly, they also need to learn the other business knowledge, such as IT, marketing. Lastly, a well developed interpersonal relationship skills is necessary by the reason that the accountants have increasing number of cooperation with other staff within the organization. Anastas (1997) has also stated that management accountan ts have to handle the new information technology software, achieving an average understanding of the business and fluently express their idea both in writing and speaking in order to interact with their colleagues. Anastas (1997) stressed that to achieve the success in the role of internal consultants; management accountants must improve their interpersonal skills and the knowledge of productivity and administration. The strategic management accounting provides management accountants an opportunity to get a position in the decision making team.(Roslender and Hart, 2002) The strategic management accounting requires management accountants having techniques, such as competitor position analysis, target costing and life cycle costing.(Roslender and Hart, 2002) The role of the management accountant in organisations Management accountants role in an organization has been considerably changed in recent years.(Anastas, 1997; Burns et al., 1999; Byrne and Pierce, 2007; Johnson, Kaplan , 1987; Pierce and ODea, 2003; Zimmerman, 2009) Several literature have stated the same views. In the past, when people were thinking of management accountant, they always associated it with some words, such as the scorekeepers, the bean counters and the corporate cops.(Byrne and Pierce, 2007; Zimmerman, 2009) This is because management accountants were not the decision-makers or decision participants; they always played the role as assistants or financial information providers to the real or actual managers in the decision making process. But in 1999, the situation has changed. Increasing managerial accountants began to help their companies to analyze the business as an interior consultant. With the development of the technology, they do not need to use the majority of their working time for preparing the financial r eports. They therefore have more and more time to explain or translate the accounting information to the people who need to use these within the organization as a member of the decision making team. Siegel (1999) remarked that the role of management accountants has evolved from serving internal customers into being a business partner. Some accountants even changed their title from corporate controllers to business analysts (Burns et al., 1999) A key role of the management accountant is that interpreting the financial information to a more readily comprehensible perception to the internal and external users.(Burns et al., 1999) As it was depicted Information technology is pushing management accountants and financial managers up the ladder as they become advisors or internal consultants to other manager in the company who have access to software manage cost and budgets.(Anastas, 1997) Pierce and ODea (2003) have interviewed many managers with an opened question that sharing their views of the future role of the management accountants. Their responses were highly consistent that management accountants role will be the business partner. Management accountants should interact with management within several aspects, including the raise of their physical location, the requirement of their team work capability and the understanding of business. There will be fewer management accountants but they will be at the higher level of management in the organization as a member of the cross-functional team share their view in the decision making process.(Anastas, 1997) The evolution of the information technology liberated management accountants from the bean counter, corporate cop to a higher level role internal consultant or strategist who make the recommendation to guide the decision making process (Anastas, 1997) CONCLUSION The analysis in the main body reflects the consistency with the hypothesis in the introduction section, but not completely same. To start with, the business environment is changing as the assumption. The business environment is changed to a more competitive, customer-oriented due to the globalization, digitisation and some other changed business conditions. In addition the writer analyzes the disadvantages of the traditional management accounting, which is not applicable for the present system and fulfil the requirements in the new business environment. Following that the analysis of the change of the management accounting shows that although there is a new business environment, but the basic management accounting techniques is still required, it is still necessary. But due to the development of the business, the requirements of the management accountants are not only demand the accountants have the traditional and basic management accounting techniques, but also some new task of the understanding of knowledge in the other business area and a good interpersonal skills for the increasing teamwork opportunities. Hence, the role of the management accountants has been changed from the financial information provider (the basic role) to the internal consultant in the organizations as a business partner. The strategic management accounting system could provide management accountants a higher level to perform their new role to satisfy the new requirements. As Burns (1999) founded that although the role of the management accountants is changed, but they still have to use the traditional management accounting system, some people called it antique.

Enemy At The Gates Essay -- essays research papers

Enemy at the Gates, a film with intense violence and man’s inhumanity to man, tells the story of the triumph of love and friendship set amidst the brutality of World War II Stalingrad. It is the winter of 1942, and a desperate, poorly equipped and demoralized Russian army faces the possibility of crushing defeat by the might of the German blitzkrieg. A young naà ¯ve soldier from the Urals, Vassily Zaitsev, arrives in Stalingrad where he is thrust into battle amid the needless slaughter of his fellow soldiers be the Germans and his own troops. To his shock, he is not given a rifle to use during the attack. Instead, the men are paired together and one is given a rifle while the other is given extra ammunition. Vassily survives the first fierce assault and finds himself side-by-side with the political officer, Danilov. They are trapped among the bodies of fallen Russian soldiers behind the lines, and Vassily’s talent as a sniper, homed to perfection from a childhood spent hunting wolves with his grandfather, is realized by Danilov when Vassily calmly and methodically kills five German soldiers. Returning to the relative safety of Russian controlled sector in t he city, Danilov, a writer, glorifies Vassily’s exploits in a newspaper article. So begins the unlikely friendship between the highly educated political officer Danilov and the barely literate Private Vassily Zaitsev. Vassily is then elevated to the status of hero when Danilov suggests to an angry and demanding Nikita Krusc...

President Clinton’s Pentad Essay -- Burke Clinton Social Action Essays

President Clinton’s Pentad Throughout time, many theorists have studied modes of persuasion. The ancient Greeks focused on persuasive discourse in the public arena which allowed a democracy to function properly. However, more recently Kenneth Burke, a literary critic and philosopher, has also evaluated how our language influences social action. Yet unlike the ancient philosophers, Burke was interested in how not just public messages but all symbolic activity leads to persuasion of others. From this belief, Burke developed the theory of Dramatism which he defined as, "The study of human relation and motives by means of a methodical inquiry into cycles or clusters of terms and their function" (Hauser, 1998, October 30). He viewed life as a drama which contained a series of accounts with interacting parts that create meaning and persuasion (Gusfield, 1989). Burke coined many terms unique to his theory that he could apply to any situation involving persuasive communication. Therefore, Burke’s theory of Dram atism can be clearly illustrated by identifying his key terms and applying these to an instance of persuasive communication; however, this theory does not easily apply to other forms of communication. To begin, it is important to understand Burke’s main themes and the terms involved in each. Burke has three main themes in his theory: the necessary elements for a foundation which leads to persuasion, the tools needed to evaluate a persuasive situation, and the involvement of guilt in the outcome of the persuasive situation. A sequence of these three themes appear within persuasive communication. First, Burke focused his work on the use of persuasion in the social realm. Furthermore, in accordance with what was stated befor... ...his theory provides a clear understanding of rhetoric and its effects, but does not apply to all communication scenarios. Therefore, Burke’s theory of Dramatism is strong within a limited scope, but weak as an overarching theory of all communication. Works Cited Craig, R. (1998, November 9). Lecture in Boulder at the University of Colorado. Desilet, G. (1972). Kenneth Burke’s Dramatism in Perspective. Santa Barbara. Griffin, E. (1997). A First Look at Communication Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Gusfield, J. (1989). On Symbols and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hauser, G. (1986). Introduction to Rhetorical Theory. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, Inc. Hauser, G. (1998, November 2). Lecture in Boulder at the University of Colorado. Hauser, G. (1998, October 30). Lecture in Boulder at the University of Colorado.

Haack On Fuzzy Logic Essay -- Haack Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Haack On Fuzzy Logic ABSTRACT: Much of the progress in modern logic beyond Aristotle is due to the invention of a precise and powerful formalism, and this is why Haack is reluctant to weaken it. What motivates her to regard deviant and fuzzy logic as extensions rather than rivals of classical logic is its demonstrated capacity for refinement and progress. Thus she sharply distinguishes between a logic dealing with fuzzy concepts (she accepts), and one which is itself fuzzy, i.e., where "true" and "false" cease to be precise concepts (she rejects). While it is often more convenient to retain as much as possible of classical logic because of its simplicity and familiarity, there is nothing in the hermeneutical view of logic to render it immune from revision. Yet to treat logic as a canon of interpretation conflicts with Haack's idea of what logic is and does. L.A. Zadeh who introduced the term "fuzzy logic" reserves it for the result of a second stage of fuzzification, motivated by the idea that "true" and "false" are themselves vague: a family of systems in which the indenumerably many values of truth values of the base logic are superseded by denumerably many fuzzy truth values, true, false, very true, fairly true, not very true, etc. For fuzzy logic, Zadeh tells us, such traditional concerns as approximation, proof procedures, etc. are "peripheral" because fuzzy logic is not just logic of fuzzy concepts, but is logic, which is itself fuzzy. (1) Susan Haack criticizes Zadeh on the grounds that fuzzy logic is not well motivated, since truth does not come in degrees. Inevitably some will protest that fuzzy logic is working, and so that her distaste for it can only be an expression of a Fregean prejudice. But she claims that i... ...ic Justification of a Conceptual Notation," 1882/translation by Bynum T. Ward in Gottlob Frege: Conceptual Notation and Related Articles, Oxford: Claredon Press 1982, p. 86. (6) F.S.C. Schiller, Formal Logic, A Scientific and Social Problem, London: Macmillan 1912, p. 8. (7) Haack, p. 233. (8) R. Carnap, Logical Foundations of Probability, Chicago: Chicago University Press 1950. (9) Haack, p. 233. (10) ibid. p. 234. (11) L.A. Zadeh and R.E. Bellman, "Local and Fuzzy Logics," in M. Dunn and G. Epstein, Eds, Modern Uses of Multiple-Value Logics, Dordrecht: Reidel 1977, pp. 106-107. (12) Haack, p. 236. (13) ibid. p. 237. (14) L.A. Zadeh, "A Fuzzy-Algorithm Approach to the Definition of Complex or Imprecise Concepts," International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 1976 vol.8 p.269n. (15) Haack, p.238. (16) ibid. p. 240. (17) ibid. p. 242.

Introduction to Geography-Montessori

Introduction to Geography The world is getting smaller, we now live in a global village due to our enlarged technical skills. It is today as easy to fly from eg. Dublin to Rome as it was to travel from Dublin to Cork 150 years ago, Not to mention flights to the moon & back. Geography has turned out to be the study of man in space. Between mass media and frequent travel the child is bombarded with impressions about the planet he lives on. In today’s world the child hears random words, names of countries with upheavels and wars & they get scared. They really need to know where they are, even on a larger scale. It is better to understand that a lot of things happen far away and not in my neighbourhood. This will give them some sense of security. Geography is a science of earth annd its life- it includes a description of land, water and air. The roots of word geography are greek and it means description of the earth. When we talk about geography with 3-6 years it means planting some seeds of interest and it is not meant that we should teach so why do we have it? A child has his human tendencies for orientation; exploration and order. We also give child names, which responds to the child’s human tendencies for communication and sensitive period for language. However, the other sensitive periods also play a part and to top it all off the child also has an absorbent mind. Geography is presented as an extension of the language programme in our rooms, because it contains aural written 7 read parts. Maria Montessori called her small geography set-up â€Å"an introduction to the world’. It has an holistic approach, starting with the whole and ending in details (start with the globe, then continents†¦eventually to the place where they live). The purpose with geography is 2 fold. First you must provide the child with activities, which help him to order impressions and information. Secondly in elementary you must introduce the child to his place in the cosmos(Universe). This will ultimately end in the study of ecology. As in all fields within extended language section the world could be roughly divided into three parts. 1. One dealing with practical life, i. e pouring with land and water forms 2. The sensorial keys- the sandpaper globe and colour globe, continent map, map of Europe, map of Asia, America, Africa Ireland. 3. Language in its various stages i. e names of land and water forms, names of continents and oceans, geography folders-showing pictures from countries and people therein- oral, written and read language. As a practical life exercise the different land and water forms are presented as a pouring exercise. The models are made out of clay and put on small baking trays. The child will get a sensorial impression of what these water/land forms really are. Later the child will have picture cards/classified cards, which will show them the same thing, a lake/an island etc. there are six pairs)and even later they will return as language extensions- first with the pictures only in he pre-reading stage and then with the naming and reading in the classified reading stage and even later in reading practice with the definition stages. The materials are: 1. The globes the child of ? years experiences a peak in his visual sensitivity to form. Globes help him to form his impressions of the world and he can see it. We start out with a small globe with rough and smooth areas. This offers the child and opportunity to a. Grasp roughly what shape his planet is and . Sensorially explore by touching the land and water distribution on the surface of the planet The land is rough and water is smooth. Phrases like â€Å"as the world turns† will take on a new meaning for the child. This globe is followed by the coloured globe. It is similar in size and shape to the first globe but here the different continents are coloured in various colours- here we give the language of continent & ocean. 2. Puzzle maps The child will get to know their world. The eastern and western hemisphere allows the child to see the whole world at once, but flattened. The puzzle activity enhances the sensory perception of the continents-initially purely sensorial but when the child himself begins to ask for names they are given by a 3-period lesson. Maps of each continent is then given-they show the political partitions of the continents into countries. We always begin with the child’s own continent and then proceed by following the child, usually doing one hemisphere at a time. To be mentioned is that the knobs of the puzzle maps are placed where one finds the capital of each country- this is an indirect preparation for later work. The knobs also serve as an indirect preparation for writing, as with the geometrical forms earlier. 3. Naming At the sensorial level names are given after the forms of the puzzles are learned. However it’s not uncommon for the child in Montessori schools to know the names of all the countries and counties of the child’s own country/continent. At a later stage the child can also do a matching activity with flags ,and later (at reading stage) maps are provided with the names of the countries and capitals (pin maps). There should always be a stand with flags from the countries of the children’s own continent. They are there to give the children an idea of nations that stand for units. There are many countries in the world with many different people, but we’re all made from the same material. This is strongly brought forth in the picture folders we’ve made, which should be part of every Montessori environment. They should be colour coded, following the colours of the colour globe- with three in total for every globe. The first set shows general pictures of the continents The second set shows people, products, places and plants The third set is more culturally inclined-with architecture, foods, art, and transportation etc. The prepared environment should provide all these things mentioned and also books and stories about people of the world-to help and give the children keys to the world of geography. All the materials should be kept in a special segment of the room, on special shelves-be aware of not overloading. It is important too that the directress should make a good rapport between the child and the material. This can partly be achieved through practical life activities, which put children into practical contact with children, e. g. how to pour land and water forms, how to dry, dusting globes, dusting maps, how to carry the globes, how to take out the puzzle maps, how to put it back and how to carry them. Later the child will learn how to put pins into the pin maps and you will show the child how to hold the flag in one’s hand and carefully put it in the country where it should be and later introduce the names and main cities. You should also, in the environment, have a little box with drawers for the child at reading stage. From this they can take out names of continents and countries etc. and label them on the puzzle maps. There should also be a good atlas and if possible a large ordinary globe too. Artwork in geography could consist of making flags-using the rectangular inset of metal insets as a base for the flag( at this stage the child will be 4 – 4 ? years). The children can also draw outlines of the continents on the paper for the metal insets and colour them in, making a booklet of the continents.

Inventory Stratification Essay

Creating shareholder value is the ultimate goal of all businesses, so all processes should be directly tied to it.(1) The wholesale distributor’s core business process framework is a collection of process groups called 7S – source, stock, sell, ship, supply chain planning, and support services. Linking these process groups to shareholder value are the process metrics – percentage of slow moving inventory; and the financial framework. This framework consists of the financial elements – inventory; the financial key performance indicators – GMROII; and the financial drivers – profitability. Inventory stratification is a specific business process under the inventory management subgroup in the stock process of 7S. Like most processes there is a common, good, and best practice for inventory stratification. Inventory stratification which includes the GMROII (gross margin return on inventory investment) method of A, B, C, D, X and Y items is consider ed best practice. A, B, C, and D represent items in inventory ranked by percentage of profitability from higher profitability down to zero profitability respectively. X and Y represent items with zero inventories, X represents items with gross margin dollars and Y represents items without any gross margin dollars. GMROII focuses on the items profitability making it a financial driver and is considered best practice. However, for optimal inventory stratification solutions, the final rank should include a combination method of the GMROII method; sales volume method – representative of customer-centric data; and the hits method – representative of logistics based data. Once the weighted combination data is compiled, best practices can be implemented throughout all the 7S process  groups and in every section of the financial framework linking inventory stratification (process) directly to four financial drivers: asset efficiency, profitability, cash flow, and growth. These four financial drivers increase ROI (shareholder value). With inventory stratification complete sourcing has integral data to complete best practice process metrics for supplier management. Supplier stratification can help a firm modify their supplier base into one that is profitable and efficient for all channels within the supply chain. Supplier scorecards can be created which leads to numerous financial elements being increased. Inventory stratification is key for best practice levels in determining the right number of suppliers as inventory stratification status of the product in terms of movement and profitability. This indirectly defines the required customer service level as well. With supplier performance improvement, higher satisfaction rates evolve both with the distributor and further more with the customer.. If the distributor is tracking the supplier’s performance and is able to having periodic meetings with their supplier’s based on the results of the scorecards this will drive efficiency and supplier performance improvement. Also, higher supply chain reliability occurs since the supplier knows where the distributors need increased satisfaction levels to be able to continue servicing their customer at high standards. If the scorecard says the supplier is lacking in the area of competitive pricing the distributor then has the data to begin price negotiations. This knowledge allows sourcing through the subgroup supplier management to eliminate suppliers who only provide C and D items finding the right number of suppliers for the organization. Eliminating C and D items reduces inventory and increases GMROII. You now have the option of reinvesting the resulting capital into A and B items, paying back loans, or other business opportunities. In the debt reduction case, the impact can be readily seen on the balance sheet. The investment in A items leads to further sales opportunities. The reinvestments and its associated expected inventory turns will help in calculating additional revenue and resulting improvement in EBITDA. Reinvestments can also be for capital purchases to position the business for future growth. Inventory stratification also affects the ship and store segments of the 7S process group. With the knowledge that can be obtained from the data slow moving items can be  removed from branch inventory and a Regional Distribution Center (RDC) may be implemented. This allows the branches to carry more A or B items, or simply to reduce their inventory cost. RDC’s are usually able to operate with less inventory by sales volume. Labor expense is also reduced driving profitability to the shareholders. Inventory stratification is the primary driver for sales forecast and helps populate fill rates by rank. Forecasted demand combined with lead time and safety stock is the primary component to reorder point. Inventory stratification minimizes the normally time consuming forecast process both with information systems resources and with human resources. The best practice forecasting model is driven off the inventory stratification and is therefore driven by the sell segment, this numerically factual forecast will be void of the emotional forecasting of the sales force. Marketing can use the inventory stratification to process what customers’ needs are or what customers are interested in. Inventory stratification is integral in both customer stratification which once completed and redeployment of the sales force has occurred additional revenues are recognized and cost to serve are reduced again driving profit to shareholders. Customer service often drives large, inefficient inventories in an attempt to be all things to all people. Shareholder value seeks to carry only profitable products, at reasonable levels, producing maximum sales, while also increasing market share. Inventory stratification is an integral part of this process. (1) Optimizing Distributor Profitability: Best Practices to a Stronger Bottom Line, by Senthil Gunasekaran, Pradip Krishnadevarajan, F. Barry Lawrence, NAW Institute for Distribution Excellence 2009.

Historical Theory Essay

What is nursing Science? According to Barnett, nursing science is an identifiable with distinct knowledge that comprise of frameworks, theory and paradigms. In order to understand nursing science, I will discuss the historical development and explain the relationship between nursing profession and nursing science. Also, I will discuss how other disciplines can influence nursing science. This will help understand how theoretical thinking has evolved. Theory development and theory thinking was first intiated by Florence Nightingale. She presented the first nursing theory, the environmental theory. Her theory focused on the physical environment such as air, light, and warmth to restore the individuals health (George, 2011). Her work directed nursing practice for over a hundred and fifty years. As we jumped to the 1950’s, graduates from Columbia University developed the first concept of nursing theory. Theorists such as Hildegard E. Peplau, Faye Abdellah, and Lydia Hall are one of many theorists who used the biomedical model. This model focuses on what nurses do and their functional role (George, 2011). Hildegard Peplau focused on the professional relationship between the patient and nurse by focusing on the patients needs, feelings, problems and ideas. Faye Abdellah, however, focused on patient-centered care (George, 2011). While Lydia Hall uses the circle of care, core and cure. She uses the three circles to involve nurses and patients to care for illness. In the 1960s, theorists such as, Virginia Henderson, Ida Jean Orlando, and Ernestine Widenbach focused on nurse-patient relationship. Their theories focused on what nurses do and how patients perceives them (Walker and Avant, 2011). In 1965 the American Nurses Association (ANA) recommended two levels of education, the baccalaureate degree (the professional nurse), and the associated degree (the technical nurse). As a result of this, doctored prepared nurses became the next wave of nursing theorists (Walker and Avant, 2011). As we look into the 1970’s, this was an era were many theorists were first  presented, including Dorethea Orem, Jean Watson, and Patricia Benner. During this time, the understanding of research and knowledge of development increased. There was an understanding that research and theory together were required to produce nursing science. In the mid 1970s, the National League for Nursing (NLN) required all nursing schools to meet the accreditation standards by chosing, developing and implementing a conceptual framework. (George, 2011). This allowed students to apply theory to his/her nursing education (Walker and Avant, 2011). Towards the late 1970s, the first published journal, Advances in Nursing Science focuses on theory building, analysis and theory application. This journal was used as a forum for debate and discussion about theoretical thinking in nursing (Walker and Avant, 2011). This journal gave awareness of the need for concept and theory development. In the 1980s many theories were being reviewed and expanded. This was a period of major developments in nursing theory from the pre-paradigm to the paradigm period. To further the development of nursing, paradigms (models) provided perspectives in nursing practice, administration, and research (Alligod, 2011). This includes the work of Patricia Benner, Madeline Leininger, and Martha Rogers. There theories focused on the body of theoretical thought in nursing. As we get to the 1990s numerous nursing theories expaned and research studies were being tested. Middle-range theories guides clinical practice, while the circle of theory-research-practice provides the foundation of evidence-based and best practices(George, 2011). Theorists such as Martha Rogers, Ida King, and Patricia Benner, made revisions and refinements of their theories to implicate practice, research, education and the future. Now in the 21st century, nursing theory became more diverse. Diversity is now being accepted and embraced after many years of struggling with theories (George, 2011). The discipline of nursing now focuses on the humans, health, illness, relationships, therapeutics, caring, interactions, ethics and diversity, to provide a fertile ground for the development of research and evidence-based and research practices (George, 2011). Now that I have discussed the historical perspectives in nursing science, there is a relationship between nursing science and the profession. The goal of nursing science is to gain knowledge about human experiences through creative conceptualization and research. By applying nursing framework and theories will provide the foundation for professional nursing practice (George, 2011). It guides nurses in procedures, interpersonal engagement and value of professional practice. Also, Nursing theories will implement the critical thinking structures to direct clinical decision making for professional nursing and nursing practices (George, 2011). As we discussed the relationship between nursing science and the profession, theorists are influenced by other disciplines. Disciplines that theorist used are anthropology, philosophy, religion, education, social sciences and psychology. Madeline Leiniger used anthropology, philosophy, social science, religion and education to develop a discipline in transcultural nursing also known as culture care theory. Sister Callista Roy and Betty Neuman provided conceptual framework for nursing education and science (Eun-Ok,&Ju, 2012). In psychology, Nola Pender developed the Health Promotion model with the goal of achieving outcomes of health promoting behavior (George, 2011) By adapting these disciplines it allows theorists to build theories and framework in order to enhance nursing practice (George, 2011). I have explained the historical development of nursing science and the relationship between nursing science and the procession. As well as, the influences of anthropology, philosophy, psychology, social science, religion and education on nursing science to provide us and guide us in nursing practice.

Edgar Allan Poe Essay

The many different works of Edgar Allan Poe all aim to do one thing. Strike fear into the heart of the reader. Simple, yet effective, he expresses fear through these many different themes and motifs. At full length, Poe’s stories all acquire a distinct theme or motif that moves the story forward. Whether you know it or not, many of his stories rely on themes and motifs to make the story more appealing to the reader. Time, duality, and dreams all play key roles in Poe’s short stories. They descriptively provide all of the necessary information in order to produce the whole concept of fear. Without them, these stories wouldn’t push you to the edge of your seat, wondering what is going to happen next. Time plays a major role in providing the story with the crucial data it needs to make the story frightening and suspenseful. It presents the story with a visual that makes the mood of the story transition into a very adverse setting. Dusk is probably the most common time of day in many of Poe’s stories. He chooses dusk because, during that time of day, it is very difficult to see. For example, in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† the narrator begins to describe how it is very difficult to see while he is making his way towards his child hood friend’s mansion. When choosing the time of day that produces little or no light, Poe tries to make the setting as dark as possible. Light represents happiness and positivity, so Poe tries to eliminate anything that represents prosperity. By assembling negative forces, the story will generate fear into the reader. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† the narrator stalks his pray for seven days, but on the eighth night the narrator commits the horrible deed. The number eight is used frequently with Poe and his stories; in this case, it represents what day the narrator will kill the old man. With â€Å"Masque of the Red Death†, time represents life. It represents life because once a person is infected with the red death; the infected person has only 30 minutes to live. The ebony clock also represents life, because after every hour the clock will ring, reminding the people that time is running out. This theme is very necessary for producing fear, because if Poe doesn’t clarify what time of day it is, the story loses suspense. So it’s apparent that time is a key necessity in conveying fear into readers. The narrator often produces dreams themselves. Frequently, it presents a distortion of reality for the narrator and the reader. Dreams in Poe’s stories draw the line between reality and fantasy. Many unexplainable things would occur and the narrator would instantly assume it would be his imagination or that he would be dreaming. Providing dreams will make the reader build curiosity into whether or not these bizarre things are real or just images of the narrators eccentric imagination. In â€Å"Masque of the Red Death†, a huge party is thrown, to isolate the people from the disease. In the party, the guests have a great time by dressing up and having a â€Å"perfect† time, until the ebony clock rings. Once the clock rings, the party guests snap back into reality for a short moment. For that short moment, the reader realizes the severity of the situation. That short moment of severity produces fear. During his trip to Rederick’s mansion in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, the narrator feels like the trip is a dream because the environment of the mansion is so surreal. Alcohol provides the narrator in â€Å"The Black Cat† with a distortion of reality, because after he hangs the black cat, he comes across a cat that is identical to the one he hangs after he leaves the bar. The narrator is completely shocked by the resemblance to his previous cat. This similarity conveys fear into the reader, because you can’t tell if it’s the same cat or a different one. The distortion of reality in dreams really help produce fear due to the doubtful events that keep occurring. These events help generate fear and build up the suspense in the reader for a few moments. Duality in the characters conveys the most fear towards the reader. By having a dual persona, the character is able to build up that suspense by having a â€Å"good† side and a â€Å"bad† side. As an animal lover, the narrator in â€Å"The Black Cat† would always love to take care of animals, until he becomes â€Å"consumed by the imp of the perverse† which exposes his negative side. This negativity leads him to killing his cat and his wife. The insanity of having a dual persona helps transmit true fear into the reader. As a young caretaker, the narrator in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† has nothing against the old man he is looking after; the old man has done nothing wrong to deserve any negative treatment. During the day the narrator would go about his business taking care of the old man, until night came upon. At night, the narrator would be consumed by the old man’s eye. His â€Å"evil eye† leads the narrator to kill his wife and their pet. The duality in both of the these characters are very similar due to them being consumed by some object that leads them into killing their loved ones and pets. All of these themes help produce the backbone of Poe’s stories. Without these themes and motifs, these stories wouldn’t be as suspenseful as they are today. These stories rely on the descriptiveness and the intensity of these themes to carry the suspense and to convey fear into the readers. Today, as people still learn about Poe’s stories, they will still be able to consume the fear that they read due to these themes and motifs.

Humanitarian cash transfer program Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Humanitarian cash transfer program - Coursework Example gency Management Agency (NEMA) and the State Emergency Management Agencies (SEMAs) who ensure that cash transfer from various donors reach the state for various purposes. However, the risk involved in transferring cash transfer for food aid for IDPs is the threat of various anti-governmental agencies like the BokoHaram who may pose threat by stealing the money of food which are being ferried to the IDPs (ACF, 2007). More than 500,000 of the 5,000,000 from Borno have fled their homes, five thousand killed according to NEMA which has been placed in charge for such statistics in the region with women and children being majorly affected. Likewise, they have pointed to multiple security incidents as the root cause of the IDPs problem being experienced in the country. In addition, issues like hygiene in the IDPs camps are a challenge as there is fear of an epidemic break in the region (Jaspars &Harvey (with Hudspeth &. Rumble), 2007). To prevent the health scenario form becoming a problem, community access to healthcare facilities should be increased as many were probably destroyed due to the problem which resulted to the IDPs in the region so as to prevent against an outbreak of an epidemic disease. This is achievable by addressing immediate health needs experienced or required by the IDPs. Secondly, various concerned organizations and the national society should ensure that the sources of livelihood for the displaced IDPs are generated back to normally because without these, the problem they encounter as IDPs are increased. Thirdly, the cash transfer will help towards shelter settlements and non-food items should be provided to the IDPs starting from those who are largely affected. Different camps should be built in various locations in the state to further prevent the IDPs from adding to problems they are already experiencing through movements (Maxwell & Majib, 2010). Fourthly, water, sanitation and hygiene promotion should be largely encouraged and promoted

Minix 2 operating system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Minix 2 operating system - Essay Example so after line no. 21021, declare these counters. Now add hit_counter as I have said in the previous doc. And the time should be incremented each time any function in cache.c is called. So you must add variable time at 21070 & 21035 after having written the code ++hit_counter & Time_requiredtofree_block++. Remember, you have to add printf statements wherever you make an increment to these counters. Initialize hit_counter & time to zero (this is important). Well, I had written two 'C' files named fil1.c and fil2.c, which added and subtracted two numbers. When I ran this statement on bochs, I got the output of the printf statements. The tests of performance was a two step process. In the first part, don't make any changes to the Block_size and the Hash table, but include the variables hit_counter and time. Run the command and see the results. Then increase the BLOCK_SIZE & the Hash table size and then run the same command again. You will definitely find a change in the results. The answer to this lies in question 3. The first set of values was obtained for the variables hit_counter and Time_requiredtofree_block, when the value of BLOCK_SIZE and size of the hash table was 1024. The second values were obtained when the size of BLOCK_SIZE & hashTable was increased. I have found out a few more points which you can use... The second values were obtained when the size of BLOCK_SIZE & hashTable was increased. 5) fifth it says initialize the variables how and where Initialize hit_counter & time to zero at line no. 21021, where you declare them. FEW MORE FINDINGS I have found out a few more points which you can use for your presentation. This is regarding the Lru chain, which can be completely discarded. Instead we can use a circularly linked double linked list. FRONT PIVOT REAR The figure is a bit crude, but I think it can deliver the idea. Frst, the pivot is connected to the hash table entry. The FRONT is the end which contains those blocks that are least needed and the REAR contains those blocks that are expected in the near future (same as LRU). Now, this linked list has the added advantage at the time of reading the next block from this chain unlike reading from the disk thru I/o. in this, the code can be written such that the REAR is used as fast as the FRONT will be accessed. This will ensure that the performance of the cache is enhanced further over the LRU scheme. The reason being that under LRU, for accessing a REAR, it has to traverse to the end, while here, we could use sioimple logic (like a flag where if flag=1 go along front i.e. clockwise from pivot or if flag=0, go along rear from pivot i.e. anti-clockwise). Believe me, this will speed up the cache. It is extremely useful, when under our modified code, contiguous blocks will be accessed fro m the disk. So the OS will perceive that the next necessary block will be the contiguous one and it will place it at the REAR. Then accessing under theis scheme will be much faster than the one under the LRU.Pls feel